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The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life Reprint Edition

3.2 3.2 out of 5 stars 6 ratings

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Achievement tests play an important role in modern societies. They are used to evaluate schools, to assign students to tracks within schools, and to identify weaknesses in student knowledge. The GED is an achievement test used to grant the status of high school graduate to anyone who passes it. GED recipients currently account for 12 percent of all high school credentials issued each year in the United States. But do achievement tests predict success in life?

The Myth of Achievement Tests shows that achievement tests like the GED fail to measure important life skills. James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries, Tim Kautz, and a group of scholars offer an in-depth exploration of how the GED came to be used throughout the United States and why our reliance on it is dangerous. Drawing on decades of research, the authors show that, while GED recipients score as well on achievement tests as high school graduates who do not enroll in college, high school graduates vastly outperform GED recipients in terms of their earnings, employment opportunities, educational attainment, and health. The authors show that the differences in success between GED recipients and high school graduates are driven by character skills. Achievement tests like the GED do not adequately capture character skills like conscientiousness, perseverance, sociability, and curiosity. These skills are important in predicting a variety of life outcomes. They can be measured, and they can be taught.
 
Using the GED as a case study
, the authors explore what achievement tests miss and show the dangers of an educational system based on them. They call for a return to an emphasis on character in our schools, our systems of accountability, and our national dialogue.

Contributors
Eric Grodsky, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Andrew Halpern-Manners, Indiana University Bloomington
Paul A. LaFontaine, Federal Communications Commission
Janice H. Laurence, Temple University
Lois M. Quinn, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Pedro L. Rodríguez, Institute of Advanced Studies in Administration
John Robert Warren, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
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Editorial Reviews

Review

“With The Myth of Achievement Tests, James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries, and Tim Kautz have offered a wealth of insightful analysis and brought together a number of topics often treated separately to inform a comprehensive discussion of the growth, character, and impact of the GED that is truly monumental. This is a first-rate book.” -- Eric A. Hanushek, Stanford University

“A masterful synthesis of the research literature on the cognitive and character skills central to successfully navigating both school and life.” -- Angela Lee Duckworth, University of Pennsylvania

"Remarkable. A display of technical virtuosity in the service of an ambitious agenda: restoring character to the heart of US education policy. Analyzing the ‘natural experiment’ of the GED program, Heckman and his team show that it is lack of character, rather than lack of academic skill, that hobbles life chances today. Everybody interested in education, social mobility, and inequality has to read this book: anyone interested in the future of America ought to." -- Richard V. Reeves, Brookings Institution

“Every American interested in our most valuable asset―our children―should read
The Myth of Achievement Tests. Education reform, as a national enterprise, has lacked a coherent, organized agenda. Heckman and colleagues suggest that the central feature of any nationwide education reform agenda is an understanding of the importance of character to lifelong success. The research in this book can edify education reform, providing the base for a national enterprise that is coherent and organized.” -- Richard Boyle, president and CEO, ECMC Foundation


"For decades, the creators of the GED program have promoted it as a second chance for high school dropouts. . . . As promising as that sounds, the GED program is actually failing many of the students it purports to help, argues
The Myth of Achievement Tests. . . . While the authors are quick to note that some have benefited from the test, they contend the GED alone isn't enough. Although those taking the test score roughly the same as high school graduates who didn't go on to college, many lack what are referred to as 'character skills,' such as persistence, motivation and reliability."
Chicago Tribune

“More than a meticulous work of social science, [
The Myth of Achievement Tests] is also is an objective, but hard-hitting, analysis of the testing that has driven school reform, and a warning about the unintended harm done by ill-conceived policies. . . . A book this important should be read by everyone, not just those who will give it the multiple close readings that its prose requires.” ― John Thompson, At the Chalk Face Published On: 2014-08-06

“Essential. . . . An insightful, balanced, comprehensive, and critical examination of a test that many proponents of standardized tests overlook. . . . The work questions how the GED is granted equivalent status to a high school diploma and examines how faith in standardized tests is sometimes misplaced.” ―
Choice Published On: 2014-10-21

About the Author

John Eric Humphries is a National Science Foundation graduate research fellow in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago.

Tim Kautz is a researcher at Mathematica Policy Research.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (September 18, 2015)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 472 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 022632480X
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0226288123
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.4 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 9.02 x 5.98 x 1.05 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    3.2 3.2 out of 5 stars 6 ratings

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  • Reviewed in the United States on October 12, 2014
    An important book on a neglected subject. The prose can be dense but the central points are clear
    2 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on March 1, 2018
    So I've just started to skim this book, and read previews published by U. of Chicago. There is a lot to criticize in the GED test, in the companies that publish it currently, and about high stakes testing. A few things, though, for readers to consider:

    -Authors are economists, so far as I know. Which is great, economists are important. However, they write with disdain for adult education "classrooms" where "students" "learn". Those are their air quotes. I get their point -- many classrooms serve as extended study sessions. But many, many, many are adult literacy classrooms, with things like "pedagogies", "curriculum", "evidenced-based best practices" all aimed at helping low-literate adults and youth improve their literacy & numeracy skills. Or in non-educational lingo -- they are helping students learn to read, write, analyze, evaluate, and do math (among other skills).

    -Authors seem to have a lot of prejudice against GED students and their abilities to succeed after obtaining a degree. As I said, there is a lot to critique about how well the GED test (and thus classes) helped students achieve work & college outcomes, much as the same could be said for HS. But it's also very true that many, many GED students go on to succeed as well.

    -The GED is not a national standard anymore. Pearson Inc. bought the test from ACE. Many states adopted new High School Equivalency (HSE) tests and pathways; many states kept the GED; many states did all of the above.

    I'm looking fwd to reading the book in more detail. But the authors' tone leaves me somewhat skeptical that they aren't walking into their research with their views already formed.
    4 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on September 22, 2017
    shocking truth that GED is not equal to a high school diploma
  • Reviewed in the United States on December 13, 2015
    The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life edited by James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries, and Tim Kautz. 452 pages hardcover, © 2014, University of Chicago Press.

    Although this is an edited compilation, the editors pack this book with ten chapters, the last nine that flow like a one-author book. It makes a profoundly strong case against the GED. This book will not be favored by the Education School establishment because it is built on solid history without regard for the every-three-year fads that churn paradigm-less educationism. The main editor is a Nobel Prize-winning economist and the other two editors are likewise economists. Each chapter is followed by an extensive list of references.

    Some folks think of the GED as a “graduate equivalency test” while the actual name is General Education Development testing program. Today, the American Council on Education (ACE) is an advocate of the test as is Pearson Education, Inc. The general public image of the GED is that it gives high school dropouts a “second chance” to complete their high school education. This book assembles the ample negative data to show that the GED has many negative consequences and is not anywhere near the equivalent of the high school experience. However, with America stuck in the third iteration of “No Child Left Behind” (the Every Student Succeeds Act”) that continues the test prep pressures on public schools under state laws, the clear distinction between genuine high school and the teach-to-the-GED may be narrowed due to the erosion of public schoolwork by the very tactics used to prepare students for the GED.

    Chapter 1 begins to explain how this book “evaluates the predictive power of achievement tests for life outcomes by examining one widely used achievement test...the GED.” At the time this book was released, much criticism of the GED had led to its revision to more closely match up with the “common core” tests that were spreading in usage across the United States under the U.S.D.E. This chapter lays out an overview of the problems they will analyze and document in detail in later chapters:
    • As a group, GED recipients are not equivalent to high school graduates.
    • Genuine “high school graduates outperform GED recipients in earnings, employment, wages, labor market participation, self-reported health, and college completion.”
    • GED recipients are more “...likely to use alcohol, commit crime, or go on welfare.”
    • “GED recipients earn the same wages before and after they certify.”
    • “As a group, GED recipients lack character skills compared to high school graduates.”
    One exception to the above group is girls who dropped out due to pregnancy; when they completed GEDs, their performance was more similar to regular high school completers. However, these authors discuss and separate their studies from those in “The Bell Curve” insofar as that Herrnstein and Murray book concluded heredity was the main factor while this book pursues measurable features of character and “the malleability of IQ.” Ultimately, this book asserts that “the GED distorts social statistics and masks inequality” and they back this with evidence. This chapter also probes the origins of achievement testing: Mann, Spearman, Jensen, Taylor, Tyler, et al. One graph demonstrates the dramatic increase in standardized tests per student. Other graphs list other tests used to “validate” the GED, the changes made to the GED since WWII, the hours spent in preparation for the GED in 1980 and 1989, the distribution of students by cognitive ability for GEDs vs dropouts versus regular students, labor market differences, and weekly rage ratios.

    Chapter 2 addresses the “Institutional history of the GED” and traces the rise of achievement testing theory and practice. However, theory gave way to urgency when World War II reduced the draft age of students and led to heavy debate between military, university and education parties over how to provide “wartime diplomas” for students pulled out of high school or returning after service” “...nearly 10 million World War II veterans had not complete high school, although half had some high school education... Since neither the military nor the federal government could grant high school credentials, ACE staff worked to convince the various state departments of education of the value of using their GED test as the basis for awarding high school degrees.” Despite serious problems norming the GED, the financial support from the Rockefeller General Education Board and the Carnegie Corporation encouraged the ACE to expand GED use for soldiers coming back who had not graduated high school. States adopted the GED to “give veterans the benefit of the doubt” and the experience base and maturity of those returning veterans could be considered to be the character and work ethic factors that made that generation’s use of the GED different from the non-veteran cohort of GED recipients today.
    “In spite of the availability of the GED test, over three million World War II veterans used the GI Bill...to return to high school after their discharge from the service.”

    Chapter 3 explains how the “GED testing program grew from 37,000 takers in 1950 to over one million in 2001.As numbers went up, the percent of veterans taking the GED went down. This chapter also provides an analysis of recent high school dropouts versus older non-trads and also incarcerated prisoners.

    Chapter 4 describes who the new GED recipients are. In an era of an all-volunteer army that only takes high school graduates, although GED recipients can apply, the GED is not serving the same role as it did post-WWII.

    Chapter 5 analyzes “the economic and social benefits of GED certification” and the data are mostly negative. Many graphs illustrate the difference in skills and backgrounds between GED recipients and other students, including the National Longitudinal Survey of youth 1979. One graph details the number of 2004 cohort GEDs who enrolled in postsecondary education with only 2 percent attaining an AA degree, 1.3 percent gaining a bachelors degree and 0.1 percent a masters or above. Here is the data showing essentially no difference in wages and other indicators between GEDs and dropouts.

    If anyone keeps detailed data on recruits, it is the military. Chapter 6 looks at “the military performance of GED holders” and the cost to taxpayers is high. GED holders (along with those who attend virtual high schools, data not in this book) have higher rates of attrition and the armed forces attempted to establish quotas until the Congress prevented them. Table 6.1 lays out the 36-month attrition rates for each service broken down into the various education credentials.

    Chapter 7 then leads to the real problem of how “the GED testing program induces students to drop out.” Various state threshold scores and option programs are described. Three studies are used to support this assertion. “Increasing the passing requirements of the GED test reduces dropout rates.” A nationally-mandated increase in passing scores also decreased dropout rate. Introducing the GED in Oregon decreased regular high school graduation rates, as it later did in California. Bottomline, the GED induces students to drop out of school.

    Chapter 8 traces the recent “high-stakes testing and the rise of the GED” by noting that nearly 25 million GEDs were issued between 1980 and 2009, or about “one-sixth of all high school-leaving credentials awarded during that time period.” By this time, an intelligent reader is fairly jaundiced about the value of the GED and this huge number of questionable high school graduates will be shocking. The authors rightly acknowledge the pressures on teachers and school administrators to raise graduation rates by any means. This is a short, technical and disturbing chapter.

    Chapter 9 now moves to the more positive effort of “fostering and measuring skills: interventions that improve character and cognition. They pursue the “big five personality factors: conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism/emotional stability. Unlike the prior chapters, this chapter ranges far wider and is much more speculative. It asks more questions than it answers, including what skills are “needed for success in the labor market?” Many programs and populations are summarized. The authors insist that “character is a skill—not a trait” and that character can be shaped, especially in earlier childhood.

    Three pages describe the authors and a 10-page index concludes the book.
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